Bakulina
V. O., Rieznik M. A.
Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Ukraine
POSITIVE
AND NEGATIVE EFFECTS
OF
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION ON UKRAINE
Globalization is one of the main factors of
international migration, which, in its turn, is of great importance for the
development of socio-economic relations, thus, affecting political development.
Due to the fact that international migration covers a lot of countries and
regions, making them interdependent and dependent on migration flows, the changes
in the migration policy of one country can affect the situation of migration in
other countries. Political and economic instability, which is characteristic
for Ukraine nowadays, contributes
to the formation of migration flows in Ukraine, which makes the research
urgent.
The term migration originates from the Latin migro
(migratio), which means “I move, relocation, moving” [1]. Currently, Ukraine is
characterized by intensified and increased scale of labour migration of
Ukrainian citizens abroad. Thus, according to the State statistics service of Ukraine, the
number of emigrants in 2010-2015 gradually increased from 14,677 people in 2010
to 21,409 people in 2015. Alongside with the increasing number of emigrants,
there is a decrease in the number of immigrants. In general, the dynamics of
international migration processes in Ukraine is reflected on the overall
reduction of the population of Ukraine, which decreased from 45.8 million
people in 2010 to 42.6 million people in 2015 [2].
Total population decline is accompanied with the
reduction in the number of economically active population of Ukraine, which
creates an unfavorable situation in the labour market. On the one hand, this
situation should create some demand for labour, but, in practice, it leads to
the increase in the level of unemployment. Thus, the State Employment Service
had 1 654.7 thousand unemployed citizens registered in 2015. 11 people applied
for 1 vacancy. 42 % of the total number of the unemployed were
young people under 35. However, according to local analysts, the current information
provided by the State Statistics Service, underestimates the real level of
unemployment approximately by 5 times. The reason for this is multiple hidden unemployment. It exists in the form of
"paid unemployment" – indefinite vacations, shorter working weeks, a reduced
working day, etc [3]. Another negative effect of international labour migration
on the labour market of Ukraine
is the loss of skilled, qualified personnel. According to the Ukrainian
parliamentary ombudsman Nina Karpachiova, 30% of Ukrainian scientists are
working to the benefit of science and economy of foreign countries.
However, in the negative economic situation, which is
accompanied with a stable negative balance of foreign trade of Ukraine, the results
of migration of the Ukrainian population abroad in search of work give positive
results as well. Thus, according to the National Bank of Ukraine, in 2011-2015 Ukrainian migrant workers
remitted as much as 34,242 million US dollars to Ukraine [5].
Therefore, as a country that exports its labor
resources, Ukraine
has positive effects; the primary one is reducing the tension in the domestic
labour market, i.e., the decrease in unemployment. Thus, if there were no
migration flows of labour resources, the level of unemployment in Ukraine would
be 1.6 times higher than the current one [4]. In addition, we can say that due
to the migration processes, the state economizes on unemployment benefits.
Moreover, Ukraine
receives additional source of currency income in the form of remittances from
emigrants, which facilitates the improvement in the balance of payments of our
country.
The data of the National Bank of Ukraine show
that, since 2011, the volume of private money transfers from abroad tended to
increase until 2013, then, it has been gradually decreasing. Thus, if in 2011 they
accounted for 7019 million US dollars (4.3% of GDP), in 2016 (for three quarters)
this figure was 4005 million US dollars (6.3% of GDP) [2]. One more important
indicator of the improvement of the country is the fact that GDP showed a
positive trend during the analyzed period and increased by 909,198 million hrn.
Alongside with the positive effects, there are some negative ones as well, such
as increased unemployment and loss of skilled personnel, which reduce the
possibilities of national development. A reduction in the number of potential
taxpayers is reducing the revenues to the state budget. Thus, we can conclude
that international migration has both positive and negative influence on Ukraine.
The
list of references:
1.
Пуригіна
О. Г. Міжнародна міграція : навч. посіб. / О. Г. Пуригіна,
С. Е. Сардак. – Д. : Вид–во ДНУ, 2009. – 352 с.
2.
Офіційний сайт Державної
служби статистики України [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу : http://www.ukrstat.org.ua
3. Офіційний сайт Державної Міграційної Служби
України [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу : http://dmsu.gov.ua
4.
Міграційний
профіль України 2015. Міграційна служба України [Електронний
ресурс] Режим доступу :
http://dmsu.gov.ua/images/files/UKR_Migration_%20Profile_2015.pdf